NHỮNG CA KHÚC BẤT HỦ CỦA WHITNEY HOUSTON

 

 

I always love you

run to you

Saving all my love for you

Greatest love of all

When you believe

Bài Thơ Miền Trung

Miền Trung được coi là một trong số những bài thơ hay nhất viết về “Mảnh đất nghèo mùng tơi không kịp rớt - Lúa con gái mà gầy còm úa đỏ - Chỉ gió bão là tốt tươi như cỏ - Không ai gieo mọc trắng mặt người” nhưng kiên cường, nhân hậu.

 

 (Minh họa: Ngọc Diệp)

Bao giờ em về thăm
Quê hương anh một thời ngún lửa
Miền Trung mỏng và sắc như cật nứa
Chuốt ruột mình thành dải lụa Sông Lam
Miền Trung
Tấm lưng trần đen sạm
Những đốt sống Trường Sơn lởm chởm giăng màn
Thoáng bóng giặc núi bửa thành máng súng
Những đứa con văng mình như mảnh đạn
Thương mẹ một mình trời sinh đá mồ côi
Miền Trung
Đã bao đời núi với bể kề đôi
Ôi! Biển Đông - giọt nước mắt của muôn ngàn thế hệ
Nóng hổi như vừa lăn xuống
Theo những tượng đá cụt đầu của Trường Sơn uy nghiêm
Miền Trung
Câu ví dặm nằm nghiêng
Trên nắng và dưới cát
Đến câu hát cũng hai lần sàng lại
Sao lọt tai rồi vẫn day dứt quanh năm
Miền Trung
Bao giờ em về thăm
Mảnh đất nghèo mùng tơi không kịp rớt
Lúa con gái mà gầy còm úa đỏ
Chỉ gió bão là tốt tươi như cỏ
Không ai gieo mọc trắng mặt người
Miền Trung
Eo đất này thắt đáy lưng ong
Cho tình người đọng mật
Em gắng về
Đừng để mẹ già mong.

(Trích từ Dân Trí

TG: Hoàng Trần Cương)

Tặng những ai yêu thích hoa!

Đôi khi chỉ cần 1 hoặc 2 bông hoa cắm trong chiếc lọ "tự chế" trang trí với len cũng làm đẹp đám cưới của bạn.

Nếu bạn là người yêu phong cách đồng nội, bạn có thể thay hoa bằng cỏ lau, cỏ đuôi chồn hay lúa mạch.

Những loại hoa mọc thành từng chùm sẽ giúp bạn dễ cắm hơn.

Với hoa hồng, bạn có thể cắt những bông hoa bằng nhau rồi thả vào lọ.

Một bình hoa nhỏ xinh đặt giữa bàn tiệc sẽ khiến đám cưới của bạn thêm sinh động.

Bạn có thể biến tấu những cành cây khô thành cây hoa đáng yêu.

Nếu đám cưới của bạn diễn ra vào mùa Halloween, bạn có thể cắm hoa trong những quả bí ngô.

Sự kết hợp giữa cây cỏ và hoa sẽ đem lại vẻ sinh động, gần gũi thiên nhiên.

Một chiếc bình độc đáo sẽ giúp những bông hoa của bạn nổi bật hơn.

Với một chiếc bình cao, miệng nhỏ, bạn có thể cắm hoa vào xốp, rồi cố định vào miệng bình. Bạn nên chú ý cắm hoa xòe rộng để những bông hoa cỏ che đi phần xốp cắm.

Một chiếc cốc thủy tinh cũng sẽ là chiếc bình đẹp.

Có một cách trang trí đám cưới rất độc đáo, đó là bạn gieo những hạt thóc, để chúng nảy mầm và thay thế hoa trang trí trên bàn tiệc.

Cẩm tú cầu là loại hoa dễ cắm bởi nó mọc thành chùm và bạn không mất nhiều công tạo dáng cho hoa.

Bạn có thể bó hoa dạng tròn, rồi để vào bình.

Nên kết hợp hoa với nhiều loại lá để bình hoa mềm mại.

Bạn cũng nên chọn hoa hợp với màu sắc trang trí của đám cưới.

Nguồn:

http://ngoisao.net/tin-tuc/cam-nang/2012/02/cam-hoa-ngau-hung-cho-ban-tiec-them-xinh-190242

Linh PhạmẢnh: Onewed

The Value Chain

To better understand the activities through which a firm develops a competitive advantage and creates shareholder value, it is useful to separate the business system into a series of value-generating activities referred to as the value chain. In his 1985 book Competitive Advantage, Michael Porter introduced a generic value chain model that comprises a sequence of activities found to be common to a wide range of firms. Porter identified primary and support activities as shown in the following diagram:

Porter's Generic Value Chain    

Inbound Logistics	>	Operations	>	Outbound Logistics	>	Marketing & Sales	>	Service	>	M A R G I N
Firm Infrastructure HR Management Technology Development Procurement

The goal of these activities is to offer the customer a level of value that exceeds the cost of the activities, thereby resulting in a profit margin.
The primary value chain activities are:

• Inbound Logistics: the receiving and warehousing of raw materials, and their distribution to manufacturing as they are required.
• Operations: the processes of transforming inputs into finished products and services.
• Outbound Logistics: the warehousing and distribution of finished goods.
• Marketing & Sales: the identification of customer needs and the generation of sales.
• Service: the support of customers after the products and services are sold to them.

These primary activities are supported by:

• The infrastructure of the firm: organizational structure, control systems, company culture, etc.
• Human resource management: employee recruiting, hiring, training, development, and compensation.
• Technology development: technologies to support value-creating activities.
• Procurement: purchasing inputs such as materials, supplies, and equipment.

The firm's margin or profit then depends on its effectiveness in performing these activities efficiently, so that the amount that the customer is willing to pay for the products exceeds the cost of the activities in the value chain. It is in these activities that a firm has the opportunity to generate superior value. A competitive advantage may be achieved by reconfiguring the value chain to provide lower cost or better differentiation.
The value chain model is a useful analysis tool for defining a firm's core competencies and the activities in which it can pursue a competitive advantage as follows:

• Cost advantage: by better understanding costs and squeezing them out of the value-adding activities.
• Differentiation: by focusing on those activities associated with core competencies and capabilities in order to perform them better than do competitors.

Cost Advantage and the Value Chain

A firm may create a cost advantage either by reducing the cost of individual value chain activities or by reconfiguring the value chain.
Once the value chain is defined, a cost analysis can be performed by assigning costs to the value chain activities. The costs obtained from the accounting report may need to be modified in order to allocate them properly to the value creating activities.
Porter identified 10 cost drivers related to value chain activities:

• Economies of scale
• Learning
• Capacity utilization
• Linkages among activities
• Interrelationships among business units
• Degree of vertical integration
• Timing of market entry
• Firm's policy of cost or differentiation
• Geographic location
• Institutional factors (regulation, union activity, taxes, etc.)

A firm develops a cost advantage by controlling these drivers better than do the competitors.
A cost advantage also can be pursued by reconfiguring the value chain. Reconfiguration means structural changes such a new production process, new distribution channels, or a different sales approach. For example, FedEx structurally redefined express freight service by acquiring its own planes and implementing a hub and spoke system.

Differentiation and the Value Chain

A differentiation advantage can arise from any part of the value chain. For example, procurement of inputs that are unique and not widely available to competitors can create differentiation, as can distribution channels that offer high service levels.
Differentiation stems from uniqueness. A differentiation advantage may be achieved either by changing individual value chain activities to increase uniqueness in the final product or by reconfiguring the value chain.
Porter identified several drivers of uniqueness:

• Policies and decisions
• Linkages among activities
• Timing
• Location
• Interrelationships
• Learning
• Integration
• Scale (e.g. better service as a result of large scale)
• Institutional factors

Many of these also serve as cost drivers. Differentiation often results in greater costs, resulting in tradeoffs between cost and differentiation.
There are several ways in which a firm can reconfigure its value chain in order to create uniqueness. It can forward integrate in order to perform functions that once were performed by its customers. It can backward integrate in order to have more control over its inputs. It may implement new process technologies or utilize new distribution channels. Ultimately, the firm may need to be creative in order to develop a novel value chain configuration that increases product differentiation.

Technology and the Value Chain

Because technology is employed to some degree in every value creating activity, changes in technology can impact competitive advantage by incrementally changing the activities themselves or by making possible new configurations of the value chain.
Various technologies are used in both primary value activities and support activities:

• Inbound Logistics Technologies
  • Transportation
  • Material handling
  • Material storage
  • Communications
  • Testing
  • Information systems
    
• Operations Technologies
  • Process
  • Materials
  • Machine tools
  • Material handling
  • Packaging
  • Maintenance
  • Testing
  • Building design & operation
  • Information systems
    
• Outbound Logistics Technologies
  • Transportation
  • Material handling
  • Packaging
  • Communications
  • Information systems
    
• Marketing & Sales Technologies
  • Media
  • Audio/video
  • Communications
  • Information systems
    
• Service Technologies
  • Testing
  • Communications
  • Information systems
    

Note that many of these technologies are used across the value chain. For example, information systems are seen in every activity. Similar technologies are used in support activities. In addition, technologies related to training, computer-aided design, and software development frequently are employed in support activities.
To the extent that these technologies affect cost drivers or uniqueness, they can lead to a competitive advantage.

Linkages Between Value Chain Activities

Value chain activities are not isolated from one another. Rather, one value chain activity often affects the cost or performance of other ones. Linkages may exist between primary activities and also between primary and support activities.
Consider the case in which the design of a product is changed in order to reduce manufacturing costs. Suppose that inadvertantly the new product design results in increased service costs; the cost reduction could be less than anticipated and even worse, there could be a net cost increase.
Sometimes however, the firm may be able to reduce cost in one activity and consequently enjoy a cost reduction in another, such as when a design change simultaneously reduces manufacturing costs and improves reliability so that the service costs also are reduced. Through such improvements the firm has the potential to develop a competitive advantage.

Analyzing Business Unit Interrelationships

Interrelationships among business units form the basis for a horizontal strategy. Such business unit interrelationships can be identified by a value chain analysis.
Tangible interrelationships offer direct opportunities to create a synergy among business units. For example, if multiple business units require a particular raw material, the procurement of that material can be shared among the business units. This sharing of the procurement activity can result in cost reduction. Such interrelationships may exist simultaneously in multiple value chain activities.
Unfortunately, attempts to achieve synergy from the interrelationships among different business units often fall short of expectations due to unanticipated drawbacks. The cost of coordination, the cost of reduced flexibility, and organizational practicalities should be analyzed when devising a strategy to reap the benefits of the synergies.

Outsourcing Value Chain Activities

A firm may specialize in one or more value chain activities and outsource the rest. The extent to which a firm performs upstream and downstream activities is described by its degree of vertical integration.
A thorough value chain analysis can illuminate the business system to facilitate outsourcing decisions. To decide which activities to outsource, managers must understand the firm's strengths and weaknesses in each activity, both in terms of cost and ability to differentiate. Managers may consider the following when selecting activities to outsource:

• Whether the activity can be performed cheaper or better by suppliers.
• Whether the activity is one of the firm's core competencies from which stems a cost advantage or product differentiation.
• The risk of performing the activity in-house. If the activity relies on fast-changing technology or the product is sold in a rapidly-changing market, it may be advantageous to outsource the activity in order to maintain flexibility and avoid the risk of investing in specialized assets.
• Whether the outsourcing of an activity can result in business process improvements such as reduced lead time, higher flexibility, reduced inventory, etc.

The Value Chain System

A firm's value chain is part of a larger system that includes the value chains of upstream suppliers and downstream channels and customers. Porter calls this series of value chains the value system, shown conceptually below:

The Value System    

...

>

Supplier Value Chain

>

Firm Value Chain

>

Channel Value Chain

>

Buyer Value Chain

Linkages exist not only in a firm's value chain, but also between value chains. While a firm exhibiting a high degree of vertical integration is poised to better coordinate upstream and downstream activities, a firm having a lesser degree of vertical integration nonetheless can forge agreements with suppliers and channel partners to achieve better coordination. For example, an auto manufacturer may have its suppliers set up facilities in close proximity in order to minimize transport costs and reduce parts inventories. Clearly, a firm's success in developing and sustaining a competitive advantage depends not only on its own value chain, but on its ability to manage the value system of which it is a part.